Solar

a. [Lat. solaris, from sol, the sun; Fr. solaire, Sp. solar, It. solare.]

1Sense 1. Pertaining to the sun; as, the solar system; proceeding from the sun; as, solar light; solar rays; solar influence.

2Sense 2. (Astrol.) Born under the predominant influence of the sun. [Obs.]

And proud beside, as solar people are. Dryden.

3Sense 3. Measured by the progress of the sun, or by its revolution; as, the solar year.

4Sense 4. Produced by means of the sun; as, solar salt.

Solar apex, the point in space toward which the sun is moving. It is situated in the constellation Hercules. — Solar cycle. See CYCLE. — Solar flowers (Bot.), flowers which open and shut daily at certain hours. — Solar day. See DAY. — Solar microscope, a microscope consisting essentially, first, of a mirror for reflecting a beam of sunlight through the tube, which sometimes is fixed in a window-shutter; secondly, of a condenser, or large lens, for converging the beam upon the object; and, thirdly, of a small lens, or magnifier, for throwing an enlarged image of the object at its focus upon a screen in a dark room, or in a darkened box. — Solar spectrum. See SPECTRUM. — Solar spots, dark spots that appear on the sun's disk, consisting, commonly, of a black central portion, with a surrounding border of lighter shade, and usually visible only by the telescope, but sometimes by the naked eye. They are very changeable in their figure and dimensions, and vary in size from mere apparent points to spaces of 50,000 miles in diameter. The term solar spots is often used to include bright, as well as dark, spaces; the former being distinguished as faculæ, the latter as maculæ. — Solar system (Astron.), the sun, together with the group of celestial bodies, which, held by his attraction, revolve round him; comprising the major planets, with their satellites; the minor planets, or asteroids, and the comets. The principal elements of the solar system are exhibited in the following tables:—

I.—MAJOR PLANETS.

Symbol. Name. Mean Distance—that of the Earth being Unity. Period in Days. Eccentricity. Inclination of Orbit. Diameter in Miles.

☉ Sun . . . . 888,646 ☿ Mercury .3871 87.9693 .2056 7 0 3,089 ♀ Venus .7233 224.7008 .0068 3 24 7,896 ☉, or ⊕ Earth 1.0000 365.2564 .0168 . 7,926 ♂ Mars 1.5237 686.9795 .0933 1 51 4,070  Asteroids ♃ Jupiter 5.2028 4332.5848 .0482 1 19 92,164 ♄ Saturn 9.5388 10759.220 .0560 2 29 75,070 ♅, or ♆ Uranus 19.1824 30686.821 .0466 0 46 36,216 ♆, or ♅ Neptune 30.0363 60126.722 .0087 1 47 33,610

II.—ASTEROIDS.

Symbol. | Name in the Order of Discovery. | Date of Discovery. | Mean Distance—that of the Earth being 1.000. | Period in Days. | Eccentricity. | Inclination of Orbit.

① | Ceres | 1801 | 2.766 | 1680.26 | 0.080 | 10° 36′ ② | Pallas | 1802 | 2.770 | 1683.86 | .239 | 34° 42′ ③ | Juno | 1804 | 2.669 | 1593.21 | .255 | 13° 3′ ④ | Vesta | 1807 | 2.360 | 1324.84 | .090 | 7° 8′ ⑤ | Astræa | 1845 | 2.576 | 1510.55 | .190 | 5° 19′ ⑥ | Hebe | 1847 | 2.425 | 1379.6 | .201 | 14° 46′ ⑦ | Iris | 1847 | 2.386 | 1346.5 | .231 | 5° 27′ ⑧ | Flora | 1847 | 2.201 | 1193.0 | .156 | 5° 53′ ⑨ | Metis | 1848 | 2.386 | 1346.2 | .123 | 5° 36′ ⑩ | Hygiea | 1849 | 3.149 | 2041.4 | .100 | 3° 47′ ⑪ | Parthenope | 1850 | 2.452 | 1402.9 | .090 | 4° 37′ ⑫ | Victoria | 1850 | 2.234 | 1302.7 | .219 | 8° 23′ ⑬ | Egeria | 1850 | 2.575 | 1509.7 | .088 | 16° 32′ ⑭ | Irene | 1851 | 2.589 | 1522.0 | .165 | 9° 7′ ⑮ | Eunomia | 1851 | 2.643 | 1569.4 | .188 | 11° 44′ ⑯ | Psyche | 1852 | 2.926 | 1828.4 | .135 | 3° 4′ ⑰ | Thetis | 1852 | 2.474 | 1421.1 | .126 | 5° 35′ ⑱ | Melpomene | 1852 | 2.296 | 1270.6 | .217 | 10° 9′ ⑲ | Fortuna | 1852 | 2.441 | 1393.3 | .158 | 1° 32′ ⑳ | Massilia | 1852 | 2.409 | 1366.0 | .143 | 0° 41′ ㉑ | Lutetia | 1852 | 2.435 | 1388.2 | .162 | 3° 5′ ㉒ | Calliope | 1852 | 2.909 | 1812.3 | .103 | 13° 44′ ㉓ | Thalia | 1852 | 2.625 | 1553.4 | .235 | 10° 14′ ㉔ | Themis | 1853 | 3.142 | 2034.2 | .117 | 0° 48′ ㉕ | Phocea | 1853 | 2.402 | 1360.0 | .253 | 21° 35′ ㉖ | Proserpina | 1853 | 2.656 | 1581.1 | .087 | 3° 36′ ㉗ | Euterpe | 1853 | 2.347 | 1313.5 | .172 | 1° 35′ ㉘ | Bellona | 1854 | 2.778 | 1691.6 | .150 | 9° 21′ ㉙ | Amphitrite | 1854 | 2.555 | 1491.6 | .072 | 6° 7′ ㉚ | Urania | 1854 | 2.364 | 1327.7 | .127 | 2° 6′ ㉛ | Euphrosyne | 1854 | 3.156 | 2048.0 | .216 | 26° 25′ ㉜ | Pomona | 1854 | 2.586 | 1519.6 | .082 | 5° 29′ ㉝ | Polyhymnia | 1854 | 2.864 | 1770.9 | .337 | 1° 57′ ㉞ | Circe | 1855 | 2.688 | 1609.5 | .105 | 5° 26′ ㉟ | Leucothea | 1855 | 2.985 | 1883.7 | .222 | 8° 12′ ㊱ | Atalanta | 1855 | 2.749 | 1664.5 | .298 | 18° 42′ ㊲ | Fides | 1855 | 2.642 | 1568.6 | .175 | 3° 7′ ㊳ | Leda | 1856 | 2.740 | 1656.6 | .155 | 6° 58′ ㊴ | Lætitia | 1856 | 2.771 | 1684.8 | .111 | 10° 21′ ㊵ | Harmonia | 1856 | 2.268 | 1247.4 | .046 | 4° 16′ ㊶ | Daphne | 1856 | 2.767 | 1682. | .270 | 16° 6′ ㊷ | Isis | 1856 | 2.440 | 1392.2 | .225 | 8° 35′ ㊸ | Ariadne | 1857 | 2.204 | 1197.7 | .167 | 3° 28′ ㊹ | Nysa | 1857 | 2.424 | 1378.6 | .149 | 3° 42′ ㊺ | Eugenia | 1857 | 2.716 | 1634.7 | .081 | 6° 35′ ㊻ | Hestia | 1857 | 2.518 | 1459.2 | .144 | 2° 17′ ㊼ | Aglaia | 1857 | 2.883 | 1788.1 | .128 | 5° 0′ ㊽ | Doris | 1857 | 3.109 | 1997.9 | .077 | 6° 30′ ㊾ | Pales | 1857 | 3.086 | 1980.2 | .238 | 3° 8′ ㊿ | Virginia | 1857 | 2.649 | 1574.4 | .287 | 2° 48′ 51 | Nemausa | 1858 | 2.378 | 1339.3 | .063 | 10° 15′ 52 | Europa | 1858 | 3.100 | 1993.5 | .101 | 7° 25′ 53 | Calypso | 1858 | 2.610 | 1540.4 | .213 | 5° 8′ 54 | Alexandra | 1858 | 2.708 | 1627.3 | .199 | 11° 47′ 55 | Pandora | 1858 | 2.769 | 1683.2 | .139 | 7° 21′ 56 | Melete | 1858 | 2.597 | 1529. | .237 | 8° 2′ 57 | Mnemosyne | 1860 | 3.157 | 2054. | .104 | 15° 8′ 58 | Concordia | 1860 | 2.694 | 1615. | .040 | 5° 1′ 59 | Olympia | 1860 | 2.777 | 1633. | .117 | 8° 38′ 60 | Danae | 1860 | 3.004 | 1902. | .168 | 18° 17′ 61 | Echo | 1860 | 2.393 | 1352. | .184 | 3° 34′ 62 | Erato | 1860 | 3.131 | 2023. | .171 | 2° 12′ 63 | Ausonia | 1861 | 2.394 | 1353. | .124 | 5° 47′ 64 | Angelina | 1861 | 2.682 | 1604. | .141 | 1° 20′ 65 | Cybele | 1861 | 3.399 | 2288. | .113 | 3° 28′ 66 | Maia | 1861 | 2.664 | 1588. | .134 | 3° 2′ 67 | Asia | 1861 | 2.420 | 1375. | .185 | 5° 59′ 68 | Leto | 1861 | 2.723 | 1641. | .170 | 8° 10′ 69 | Hesperia | 1861 | 2.995 | 1893. | .175 | 8° 28′ 70 | Panopæa | 1861 | 2.629 | 1557. | .195 | 11° 32′ 71 | Niobe | 1861 | 2.756 | 1671. | .174 | 23° 18′ 72 | Feronia | 1861 | 2.275 | 1253. | .116 | 5° 26′

II.—ASTEROIDS (continued).

Symbol. | Name in the Order of Discovery. | Date of Discovery. | Mean Distance—that of the Earth being 1.000. | Period in Days. | Eccentricity. | Inclination of Orbit.

73 | Clytia | 1862 | 2.666 | 1590. | .044 | 2° 25′ 74 | Galatea | 1862 | 2.779 | 1692. | .239 | 3° 39′ 75 | Eurydice | 1862 | 2.664 | 1588. | .304 | 4° 59′ 76 | Freya | 1862 | 3.189 | 2080. | .030 | 2° 13′ 77 | Frigga | 1862 | | | | 78 | Diana | 1863 | 2.762 | 1677. | .228 | 11° 29′ 79 | Eurynome | 1863 | 2.445 | 1397. | .196 | 4° 38′

☞ Victoria is by some called Clio; Olympia, Elpis; and Cybele, Maximiliana.

III.—PERIODIC COMETS.

Name. | Perihelion Passage. | Mean Distance. | Period in Days. | Eccentricity. | Inclination of Orbit.

Halley's | 1912.1 | 17.988 | 27866.95 | .967 | 162° 15′ Encke's | 1862.1 | 2.218 | 1206.65 | .848 | 13° 4′ Biela's, I. | 1859.4 | 3.529 | 2421.17 | .756 | 12° 34′ Biela's, II. | 1859.4 | 3.514 | 2405.76 | .755 | 12° 33′ Faye's | 1866.2 | 3.820 | 2727.36 | .555 | 11° 22′ Brorsen's | 1862.8 | 3.139 | 2031.55 | .802 | 29° 49′ Winnecke's | 1863.3 | 2.929 | 1830.49 | .738 | 10° 43′ Tuttle's | 1871.9 | 5.726 | 5004.68 | .821 | 54° 24′

IV.—SATELLITES.

Satellite of the Earth—the Moon.

Sidereal Period, | 27d. 7h. 43m. 11.5s. Distance in Radii of the Earth, | 59.9644 Diameter in Miles, | 2153 Inclination of Orbit, | 5° 9′ Synodic Revolution, | 29d. 12h. 44m. 2.87s.

Satellites of Jupiter.

No. | Sidereal Period. | Distance in Radii of Jupiter. | Diameter: Apparent. | Diameter: In Miles. | Orbit inclined to Jupiter's Equator.

1 | 1d 18h 27m 33s | 6.0485 | 1.01″ | 2436 | 0° 0′ 7″ 2 | 3d 13h 13m 42s | 9.6235 | 0.91″ | 2187 | 0° 1′ 6″ 3 | 7d 3h 42m 33s | 15.3502 | 1.49″ | 3573 | 0° 5′ 3″ 4 | 16d 16h 32m 11s | 26.9983 | 1.27″ | 3057 | 0° 0′ 24″

Satellites of Saturn.

No. | Name. | Period. | Distance in Radii of Saturn. | Eccentricity.

1 | Mimas | 0d 22h 36m 18s | 3.141 | .069 2 | Enceladus | 1d 8h 53m 3s | 4.032 | 3 | Tethys | 1d 21h 18m 33s | 4.993 | .005 4 | Dione | 2d 17h 44m 51s | 6.399 | .02 5 | Rhea | 4d 12h 25m 11s | 8.932 | .023 6 | Titan | 15d 22h 41m 25s | 20.706 | .029 7 | Hyperion | 21d 4h 20m | 25.029 | .115 8 | Japetus | 79d 7h 54m 41s | 64.359 |

Satellites of Uranus.

No. | Period. | App. Distance. | Distance in Miles.

1 | 2.5203d | 13.54″ | 119,994 2 | 4.1440d | 19.28″ | 170,863 3 | 8.7059d | 31.44″ | 278,627 4 | 13.4633d | 42.87″ | 379,921

Satellite of Neptune.

Period, | 5d. 21h. 0m. 17s. Apparent Distance, | 16″.75 True Distance, | 232,000 miles.

n. [Lat. solarium, from sol, the sun; O. Fr. solier, Pr. solier, solar, It. solare, solajo, Ger. söller.] A loft or upper chamber; a garret room. [Written also soler, solere, sollar.] Oxf. Gloss.

[See SOLAR.] 1. The same as SOLAR, n. [Obs.] See SOLAR. 2. (Mining.) The entrance to a mine; especially, an entrance of boards, or one lined with boards. [Prov. Eng.]