Earlier text: AT SIMON'S HOUSEHOW TO PRONOUNCE CHINESE NAMES.
Northwestern Christian Advocate. AN acknowledged authority on the pronunciation of Chinese names as transliterated into English assures us that there need be no serious difficulty in sounding the many Chinese names now appearing in the newspapers if the speaker will remember that the vowels in these names are uniformly those of the Italian or Continental alphabet; namely, (1) a always about as a in far; e always approximately as e in they or them; i very like i in machine or pin; o as either the o of song or how; and u always as the u of rule; (2) also, it should be remembered, every syllable has an independent value, and should be given that value in pronunciation; (3) as for consonants, they are pronounced exactly as written. These three rules will secure as correct a pronunciation of Chinese names as can be secured without oral instruction. For example, under the first rule, one would say tah-koo for Taku, not take-you, as one frequently hears the word pronounced; lee-hoong-chang for Li Hung Chang, not lie-hung-chang; peh-king for Peking, not peek-in; shahng-hah-ee for Shanghai, not shang-high; tsoong-lee yah-men for tsung lie yamen, not tsung lie yaymen; and so on. Under the second rule Tien-tsin is pronounced teeyen-tsinn, accenting the yen syllabic; not teen-tsin. General Nieh’s name is Nee-yeh. The Chinese coin tael is not tale, but tah-ale, pronounced quickly. Yun-nan-fu is yon-nahn-foo, not yunan-fyu. In like manner, all words are pronounced with syllabic distinctness and with uniform vowel sound. Under the third rule the province named Szechuan is sounded not zekuan, but nearly as zehchooahn, touching the choo very lightly; Nganhwei as ing-gahnggoowayee, dropping the initial i sound; Liau tong peninsula is leeahao-tong, and the German possession Kiau Chau is Keahoo Chahao. However, without multiplying examples, the reader of news from the much-troubled far East will, with sufficient safety, find his way through the many difficult names he is to meet in his reading, if he will but observe the three simple rules here given for their correct pronunciation. Business Training in Higher Education
ONE of the most interesting developments of specialization now going on in higher education in the United States is that which looks toward a better training for business men and civil servants. Whatever the prevailing view of the primary object of a college or a university, there can be no question that the most progressive of these institutions are now zealously seeking to put themselves in touch with the practical business needs of the time, and to fit their students for participation in everyday affairs. — Daily Commercial World. MISSIONARIES AND EMANCIPATORS.
By Editor
THE American people have been taught by the church that the saving of the souls of the heathen by missionary effort is a work of divine beneficence and glory. It is but a step to the belief that in setting free an oppressed and misgoverned people we are likewise engaged in a work of humanity likely to find favor in the eyes of the Lord, and to be fully justified by its benefits. Every year we send out many devoted men and women to rescue the untaught heathen from the night of paganism and idolatry. We spend millions of dollars in the work. We are exhorted to believe that it is sinful to loll on the comfortable cushions of our fashionable churches, or to enjoy in selfish content the privileges of a religious education here at home, while countless thousands know not the way to salvation. Is it not also wrong, and an evidence of hard-heartedness, for us to go to town meeting, or send our neighbors to the Legislature or Congress to make laws that serve to protect our rights as freemen, without ever taking thought about the helpless, downtrodden victims of the despot's sway in distant lands, where taxes are imposed by the king's hirelings and collected by the whip, where the writ of habeas corpus does not run, and where no jury is ever impaneled? . . . To the mass of the people, and generally to the government, our missionaries are unwelcome wherever they go. In Turkey their property was destroyed, and in China the natives are killing them. As the sultan, after much dunning, puts off the payment of the indemnity promised for the destroyed property, it has been seriously proposed that we send war-ships to compel payment; that is, we must kill the Turks and destroy their cities in order to force upon them, against their wish, our missionaries, who teach religious beliefs upon which they look with horror. In China we have actually landed an armed force to avert the consequences of the disturbance due to the presence of the missionaries. And the forces of the nations are forming to preserve order there, an undertaking which it is confidently expected will end in the overthrow of the Chinese Empire. A Prayer That Is Said Alone
“A PRAYER that is said alone
Starves, having no companion.
Great things ask for, when thou dost pray;
And those great are which ne’er decay.
Pray not for silver—rust eats this;
Ask not for gold, which metal is;
Nor yet for houses which are here
But earth; such prayers ne’er reach God’s ear.” Man Turns from God, Not God from Him
“MAN turns from God, not God from him.” CHANNELS OF LIGHT.
By A. L. Hollenbeck
It is absolutely necessary to our spiritual welfare that we obtain an experience in faith, in prayer, and in rejoicing in the love of God. Unless we obtain this experience, our moral courage will be enfeebled, and our religion will degenerate into a heartless form. Instead of being faithful to the high responsibilities God has bestowed upon us as his human agents, many are following the unholy promptings of their nature. We may receive the Holy Spirit, and be faithful to the end; or we may be careless and indifferent, and finally be lost. Salvation flows to us through the channel of faith. If we are faithful,—faith-full,—the channel is established between God and us, and no power on earth can check the daily flow of saving grace to us. We will then be no more of this world, but we will be in this world channels of light, through which God can communicate to others the light of his sacred truth. There are many faithless ones, who have not an experimental knowledge of the truth, and who wait to be carried forward by the faith of others. Only those whose life and character are in harmony with God’s great standard of righteousness will ever feel the sanctifying power of the truth on their own souls. We have the warnings and corrections God has given his people in past ages, and in addition, the great light that is now shining across our pathway. Notwithstanding all this, many who profess to know Christ do the works they should avoid, and neglect the requirements God has given them to observe. This is because the heart is still carnal. To obtain an experience in living faith, earnest, persevering prayer is necessary. Those who are true and loyal to God will not murmur and complain when trials and afflictions come; but they will daily heed the Saviour’s injunction, “Learn of me; for I am meek and lowly in heart: and ye shall find rest unto your souls.” Every follower of Christ who would be saved, must endure the refining process, not to be consumed, but to be purified. If we were left to follow our own ways, we should be led to destruction. The Lord knows that in order to save us it is necessary for him to communicate to us his own ideas, his own thoughts, which always lead toward heaven. When temptations come in, and we come close to the Lord in earnest prayer for his help and guidance, he will give us the strength that always has victory in it for every humble, trusting follower of his. An experience in genuine faith and earnest prayer will always lead the soul to rejoice in the love of God. Only those who rejoice in the Lord here can ever join with the angels in songs of rejoicing in the home of the redeemed. When the converting power of God is experienced in the hearts of the individual members of our churches, and they shall arise and put on the beautiful garments of salvation, then shall the church of God shine, and many from all nations shall see the light, and shall come to the brightness of her rising. We should rejoice now, and all the time, because of God’s wonderful love to us, and because his truth is soon to triumph most gloriously. Those who receive the Holy Spirit will “have faith in God,” will “pray without ceasing,” and will “rejoice evermore.” To this end, brethren, “receive ye the Holy Ghost.” THE BLESSINGS OF SUNSHINE.
By William Kitching
Oh, what would the world without sunshine be?
Where then were the lovely flowers
That out in the fields and lanes we see
Refreshed by the summer showers? Oh, what would the world without sunshine be?
Where then were the fruits untold
That autumn hangs on each laden tree,
With their tints of burnished gold? Oh, what would the world without sunshine be
When the heart is sore oppressed,
When we long from the cares of life to flee,
And would gladly be at rest? Oh, what would the world without sunshine be
When the evening shadows fall,
With no sunset gleam over land or sea,
But a darkening gloom o'er all? Oh, what must the world without sunshine be
In these lands of heathen gloom,
With no gladsome song of victory
On the brink of the somber tomb? Oh, what would the world without sunshine be
That the gospel message brings,
And the hope of a brighter world to be
On the Christian's pathway flings? Oh, what will the heavenly sunshine be
In the glorious realms of light,
In the house of God by angels trod,
With their robes of spotless white? NEED OF HEALTH PRINCIPLES IN GREECE.
By H. A. Henderson
H. A. HENDERSON.
Nauplia, Greece. In reading articles on health and general hygiene in the Review, I often think what a blessing such literature would be to the people in these Oriental countries. They know almost nothing concerning the laws of health. Meat is about the only food with those who can afford it, and wine is the principal drink. In Greece the people seldom live in the country. One reason for this is that their country was for so many centuries in the hands of enemies, that living in communities became a means of common safety. In the towns and cities the houses, often made of large sun-dried blocks of turf, are usually crowded closely together; and as there is no system of sewerage, the result can easily be imagined. Even in Athens, under the shadow of the Acropolis and Mars' Hill, is a section of the city where many of the streets are too narrow for a carriage, and where bad odors and filth are so prevalent that we wonder how the people can live at all. It is easy to imagine the dreadful effects of a plague in such places. The wealthier classes live in houses made mostly of stone or mortar, as troublesome insects infest wood. Bedbugs are found in the best houses. As soon as summer comes, all carpets are taken up, and all upholstered furniture is covered, to avoid them. I am inclined to think, however, that tobacco is the worst pest here. It is raised in considerable quantities, and some of it is exported, but the larger part is consumed at home. It is rare to find a man in Greece who does not use it, though the people never chew it. They are not restricted to smoking in certain sections of the train, or, in fact, anywhere else. They always smoke at the table after a meal, and in making formal calls they smoke in the parlor. The visitor is usually offered a cigarette, the hostess lighting a match for the smoker. Entering a compartment of a railroad train a few days ago, I found myself in the company of five Greek gentlemen, each one with a cigarette in his mouth. According to their hospitable nature, they immediately offered me one. Of course it was declined with thanks, and the remark, “I never smoke.” “But certainly you do occasionally!” they cried. This was my opportunity, and I began to tell them of tobacco and its evil effects. When I said that it interferes with the action of the heart, a rather fleshy man with a red face took his freshly lighted cigarette from his mouth, and threw it out of the window. I then said that in our late war with Spain many young men were not permitted to enter the army, as a result of heart weakness brought on by the excessive use of tobacco; and a young officer who sat beside me threw his cigarette from the window, and his tobacco pouch immediately followed it. In answer to my inquiring look, he said, “I will never smoke again.” “How long have you been using tobacco?” I asked. “It will be difficult to stop,” I said. “Not so difficult now as it would be later,” was the reply. I told him that if he would give me his name and address, I would call on or write to him later. He seemed much pleased, and taking out his card, wrote on the back of it, “I promise not to smoke any more.” By the earnest look on his face I feel sure he will keep that promise. Wine is used here almost as freely as water, while very little effort has been made against it. Foreigners, and even Americans who never touch wine at home, drink it here with the excuse that it is harmless, and that the water is often poor. It is true that the wine does not contain a large amount of alcohol, and drunkenness is seldom seen, yet crimes committed while under its influence are very frequent. There is a wide field here for health and temperance work, and we are sure that knowledge on these subjects would be gladly received. CLEANLINESS, cleanliness, and still cleanliness, is the watchword, above all times in midsummer. Every closet, corner, receptacle, sink, dish, and cloth ought to be kept immaculate. Constant must be the warfare against dust, débris, dirt, and insects. In these days everything is alive, and much of that life, spite of the Hindoo belief, is inimical to human welfare. One has only to read of the wonderfully beneficent effort of the sanitation following cleanliness effected under General Wood in Cuba, to comprehend the necessity of this warfare against fertile and deadly microbes. In the homes of women of intelligence and accomplishments, such neglect of the laws of health as sends the cold chills over one to think about has been too frequently seen—receptacles and closets both odious and odorous, decaying food by the side of milk and butter, soiled towels around the bread, filthy sinks and dishcloths, and a general air of neglect, which would be pardonable only among Hottentots. And these things in the households of good women, philanthropists, and even graduates of colleges! Too much occupied are they with their guilds, their music, with social life, to give attention to details. In one case, when typhoid fever invaded the household, to which two members fell victims, the nurse found no less than half a dozen fetid damp cloths in and near the sink. “Cheer up! my friend, cheer up, I say;
Give not thy heart to gloom and sorrow.
Though clouds enshroud thy path to-day,
The sun will shine again to-morrow.
Oh, look not with desponding sigh
Upon these little, trifling troubles;
Cheer up! you'll see them by and by
Just as they are—like empty bubbles.” A MAGAZINE writer vouches for the truthfulness of the following sketch:— “Mamma, please give me another piece of cake.” “No, darling, one piece is enough.” “Half a piece — please, mamma?” “Just a very little piece, mamma, dear?” “Do give the child a piece,” says the husband. “I’ll risk its hurting him.” And the mother gave it! What else could she do? “Mamma, may I go out to play?” “It’s very damp, and you have a cold. I do not think it is best.” “I fear you will. You must play indoors to-day.” “Just a little while — please, mamma?” “No, Freddie, you must not go out to-day.” “Do let the child go. What a girl you are making of him! Dress him warm, and let him go. It will do him good.” “May I have my blocks in the drawing-room, mamma?” “No, Freddie, make your block house in the dining-room. Miss —— is an invalid, and I wish the room very quiet.” “You will intend to be, but you can not help making some noise, and as Miss —— very rarely goes anywhere, I fear she will be very tired at best; so be a good little boy, and play in the dining-room this afternoon.” “I won’t make a bit of noise, nor tire her one speck.” “You must play in the dining-room, Freddie, and not say any more about it.” “Nonsense! It will do her good to see a happy little face, and give her something besides her own pains and aches to think of. Let him bring his blocks into the drawing-room.” “What a torment that boy has got to be!” says the father, later on. “‘Tis tease, tease, tease, from morning till night. ’Tis enough to wear out the patience of Job! If you won’t whip him, I will.” Query: Who ought to have been whipped? The Noonday Hour of Prayer
“The Lord giveth the word: the women that publish the tidings are a great host.” Ps. 68: 11, R. V. “Make a chain: for the land is full of bloody crimes, and the city is full of violence.” Eze. 7: 23. ☞ Do not forget the 12 M. hour of prayer for one another, our work, and for those for whom special requests are made. DEBT
By Mrs. Geo. A. Irwin
I doubt not that there are many of the sisters who read this page from week to week who are longing to know just how they can keep the home expenses within the bounds of the income, and have a little margin left. It is sometimes a difficult problem even to make ends meet, and the idea of saving something besides seems incredible. It is the object of every housewife to make her home just as cozy and comfortable as possible, and it is true that some women can do this on half the amount that others require, because of the unequal division of natural ingenuity. Sometimes the most simple suggestion will be a help to a woman, and therefore I give a few that have been a help to me, hoping that those who do not need them will bear with the recital, and will tell us of other things that have been a help to them. As woman's gospel work begins first of all in the home, anything that will be practised there will tend to the advancement of the work; and it is with this object in view that I write. I once heard a man of means say that with ten dollars he could furnish a house to look real homelike; and surely a woman should do as well. My mind has recently been called to what Sister White has written on domestic economy, and I wish that every sister would look up this subject in Sister White's books. She worked in every way to lessen household expenses, and avoid having money tied up in furniture that she could not dispose of when called to move. And I know from experience that a great many articles of furniture can be made by a woman, at small expense. I made a good washstand out of a large box, putting shelves in the box, for toilet articles, and nailing pieces on the back, which I covered with a splasher. I put a pretty valance around the box, to hide its contents, and a pretty cover on top, and with a splasher it was surprising to see what a dainty and useful piece of furniture it made. I well remember one of my tables, which was made by Elder Olsen, out of rough boards. The legs were planed and stained, and the rough top was covered with a spread, and answered the purpose very well. Cupboards can be made out of boxes by fastening shelves in them, and tacking curtains of creton around them. Bookcases can also be made in the same way, by using a little differently shaped box. The rooms in many houses are not provided with a closet, and wardrobes are usually expensive. An economical way, both in money and space, of providing for this need and preserving the clothing in proper condition, is to nail a board to the back of the bedstead headboard, and underneath it put hooks or nails. The shelf is convenient for storing away things, and a curtain can be nailed to it, which will protect from the dust the clothing hanging beneath. No bedroom is complete without a shoe box, nor a sitting-room without a lounge. An ordinary shoe box and a long deep box are the best for these purposes, and can be obtained for almost nothing at the stores or manufacturing houses. Fasten the lids on with hinges, pad the top, and cover with pretty material. Not long ago I took dinner with a sister whose means is very limited. She had only a few chairs, but she had taken nail kegs, and by cushioning the top, and tacking a ruffle around the sides, she was able to provide comfortably for all her friends. A room always looks bare without carpet or rugs on the floor; but where it is impossible to get enough to cover all the rooms in the house, a small piece of carpet can be made to go a long way by painting a strip about two and one-half feet wide around the sides of the floor, and tacking the carpet down in the center. This is more cleanly than a room wholly carpeted, and makes a room look very neat. I made a carpet of the usual size answer for three rooms in this way. Denim is much cheaper than carpet, and can be used in the same way. Money should never be spent for bric-a-brac. There are many things that will make a house homelike, and yet represent but a small sum of money. Buy the most necessary articles first, such as you can not possibly contrive to make yourself. Avoid everything that is simply for display. Even if we have plenty of money, we know that the Lord is soon coming, and we should be just as careful to economize for the advancement of the truth as for our own personal advantage. A FEW QUERIES ANSWERED.
By E. A. H.
Are young as well as old expected to dress plainly? I suggest that special efforts be made by the youth to help one another to live faithful to their baptismal vows, and that they pledge themselves solemnly before God to withdraw their affections from dress and display. I would remind the youth who ornament their persons, and wear feathers upon their hats, that, because of their sins, our Saviour's head wore the shameful crown of thorns. When you devote precious time to trimming your apparel, remember that the King of glory wore a plain, seamless coat.—Testimonies for the Church, Vol. III, page 379. Is it right to trim children's dresses? It is our duty to dress ourselves plainly, and to clothe our children neatly, without useless ornamentation, embroidery, or display, taking care not to foster in them a love of dress that will prove their ruin, but seeking rather to cultivate the Christian graces.—Id., Vol. IV, page 72. How would the children's dresses look without any trimming? Families bind heavy burdens upon themselves by dressing their children in accordance with the fashion. What a waste of time! The little ones would look very inviting in a dress without a ruffle or ornament, but kept sweet and clean. It is such a trifle to wash and iron a dress of this style that the labor is not felt to be a burden.—Id., page 642. Is it not necessary for a worker to conform somewhat to the world in dress, in order to have influence? Many dress like the world, in order to have an influence over unbelievers; but here they make a sad mistake. If they would have a true and saving influence, let them live out their profession, show their faith by their righteous works, and make the distinction plain between the Christian and the worldling. The words, the dress, the actions, should tell for God. Then a holy influence will be shed upon all around them, and even unbelievers will take knowledge of them that they have been with Jesus.—Id., pages 633, 634. When we realize that we have conformed to the world, shall we alter our dresses at once, or wait until they are worn out, and then make plain ones? Some have said, “After I wear out this dress, I will make the next plainer.” Now, if conformity to the fashions of the world is right and pleasing to God, where is the need of making a change at all? But if it is wrong, is it best to continue in the wrong any longer than is positively necessary to make the change? . . . Precious, God-given time and means were used in fashioning those garments, and now what are you willing to sacrifice to correct the wrong example you have been giving to others?—Id., page 640. Our words, our actions, and our dress are daily, living preachers, gathering with Christ, or scattering abroad. This is no trivial matter, to be passed off with a jest. The subject of dress demands serious reflection and much prayer.—Id., page 641. THE JOY OF LIVING.
By Julian S. Cutter
O GIVE me the joy of living,
And some glorious work to do;
A spirit of thanksgiving,
With loyal heart and true;
Some pathway to make brighter,
Where tired feet now stray;
Some burden to make lighter
While ’t is day. O give me the joy of living,
In the world where God lives, too;
And the blessed power of giving,
Where men have so much to do:
Let me strive where men are striving,
And help them up the steep:—
May the trees I plant be thriving
While I sleep. On the fields of the Master gleaning,
May my heart and hands be strong;
Let me know life’s deepest meaning,
Let me sing life’s sweetest song:—
With some faithful hearts to love me,
Let me nobly do my best;
And, at last, with heaven above me,
Let me rest. —The Rev. Julian S. Cutter. EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.
A young lady writes as follows:— I am not a member of the Adventist Church, but expect to be before long. My mother is, and she is the dearest mother, and a perfect Christian character. Her countenance gives evidence of the Christlike purity of her life. Would that every young woman and every young man could give the same testimony. Surely then we should find our forces increased and strengthened by the energies of the youth. I was trying to encourage a sister to engage in a certain work, and she said, “I can't; I have been snubbed so many times.” I replied, “What if you have? They have turned me down many times, too; but I am like a rubber ball; I rebound when I am hard pressed.” “How can you do it? It hurts me so I can't get over it,” she replied. I told her that I could not tell why I did so, unless it was because Jesus is in my heart, and heals the wounds, and bids me press on for his work. A SISTER requests prayer for herself and her granddaughter, the latter being very ill. Pray for a sister who has stood nobly for the truth against trial and persecution, but who now, on account of financial prosperity, is losing her hold on eternal things. “I would like to have the sisters pray for the Lord to heal me if it is his will. My lungs are affected. I have great faith in prayer, and I know that there is nothing impossible with our Saviour.” Now have faith in God, instead of in prayer, then your own prayers as well as the prayers of others will count for far more. Government Without the Constitution
By Editor
The principle of government “without the Constitution” has become established, and is now employed, in the territorial possessions of the United States. Our readers will remember that more than once we have queried how long that principle could be applied in Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Alaska, before it would be applied even within the United States? And now comes the Macon Telegraph, speaking for many more than simply itself, and says:— In our hearts we know it is our desire and determination to govern negroes outside of the Constitution, just as the Indians, the Kanakas, and the Filipinos are being governed outside of the Constitution. We can afford to be consistent in some things—consistent in that which makes no other pretext than to505 confess our adhesion to the imperialistic doctrine which declares that we will govern all off-colored races wherever the flag floats, outside of the Constitution—the negro, the Indian, the Kanaka, and the Filipino. And when the principle shall have been carried that far, what assurance can there be that everybody under the jurisdiction of the United States shall not be governed without the Constitution? Where, short of that point can logically stop that which has already begun, and which has already gone further than anybody could have believed two years ago? THE THIRD ANGEL'S MESSAGE.
Its Basis in the Seven Trumpets.
In last week's study we found that the Third Angel's Message certainly has a basis in the line of prophecy of the Seven Trumpets; that the Third Angel's Message is held in view from the very first of the Seven Trumpets until the last one; and that, therefore, in studying the Seven Trumpets, from beginning to end, we are simply studying the Third Angel's Message, from its foundation unto its end. But the Seven Trumpets themselves have a basis. The line of prophecy of the Seven Trumpets is a consequence. The events foretold therein occur because of certain things that have been done, and these certain things are shown in the first three steps in each of the two preceding lines of prophecy in the book of Revelation—the Seven Churches and the Seven Seals. Therefore, to find the basis of the Seven Trumpets, we must glance at these things, which are their cause. The line of prophecy of the Seven Churches is composed of seven letters addressed by the Lord to his church in the seven phases of her experience, from the first advent of Christ unto his second. In each of these seven letters, not only is counsel given in the way of right, but there are pointed out the dangers and evils that beset the church, against which she must be especially guarded, and which, in order to remain pure, she must escape. To the church in her first stage—“the church of Ephesus”—he says: “I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love. Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works.” Rev. 2:4, 5. This points definitely to the “falling away” that is mentioned by Paul to the elders of the church at Ephesus (Acts 20:30), and that is dwelt upon especially in 2 Thessalonians 2; which falling away, when continued, developed “that man of sin,” “the son of perdition,” “who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshiped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, showing himself that he is God.” 2 Thess. 2:3, 4. The letter to the church in her second phase is wholly commendatory. This shows that, while individuals had continued in the apostasy mentioned in the first letter, yet the church herself had heeded the counsel given by the Head of the church, and had repented, and returned to “the first works.” The time of this phase of the church's experience is definitely suggested in the word that she should “have tribulation ten days.” Rev. 2:10. This refers to the ten years of persecution in the reign of Diocletian, from A. D. 302–312; which was ended by the Edict of Milan, issued by the two emperors Constantine and Licinius, March, A. D. 312. Then comes the third phase of the church, in which the counsel from Christ mentions with commendation the fact that she had held fast his name, and had not denied his faith, “even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr.” Rev. 2:13. This word “Antipas” is not a person's name, but is a term characteristic of the times. It is composed of two Greek words,—ἀντί anti, and πάππας pappas. ἀντί anti signifies against, and πάππας pappas, which is our English, and also the universal, word for “papa.” The word “papa” is simply the repetition of the original root word “pa.” And this word “papa” is the original word “pope.” Therefore this word “Antipas”—“against ‘pas,’ or ‘papas,’”—shows the growth of the papa-cy in the period immediately following A. D. 312. This was the period of Constantine, and onward, in which the papa-cy itself was distinctly made, and began openly to assert its authority. And in that time the history records that while the other principal bishops of the church bore the title of “patriarch,” “the bishop of Rome studiously avoided the title of ‘patriarch,’ as placing him on a level with other ‘patriarchs.’ He always preferred the title of ‘papa,’ or ‘pope’ (Schaff); and this, because ‘patriarch’ bespeaks an oligarchical church government, that is, government by a few; whereas ‘pope’ bespeaks a monarchical church government, that is, government by one.”—“Two Republics,” page 485. Thus the history and the word of the counsel of Christ unite in marking, as the characteristic of that phase of the church, the formation of the papa-cy, and the assertion of the authority of the pope. This definitely brings us to the time of the making of the papacy; and corresponds exactly, in point of time, to the facts of history following the Edict of Milan, which put an end to the “tribulation” mentioned in the previous letter to the church. Thus the “falling away,” the leaving of the “first love,” mentioned in the first letter, had, in this time of the third letter, culminated in the papacy. Now this same course is marked in the first three steps of the line of prophecy of the Seven Seals. There, under the first seal, was seen going forth a white horse (Rev. 6:2), corresponding to the church in her first phase, in her purity. But the counsel of Christ in his first letter said that there was a falling away from her first love; and this is signified in the second seal, under which “there went out another horse that was red.” And under the third seal “I beheld, and lo a black horse.” Rev. 6:5. Thus the symbols in the seals, passing from white to black, mark the course of the apostasy from the first love, in which Christ was all in all, in the first stage, to the third stage, in which, “where Satan's seat” was, and where Satan dwelt, a man was put in the place of God, in the temple, the church, of God (Eph. 2:21), showing himself that he is God. Verses 20–22. Now, the effect of this apostasy, which developed the papacy in the Roman Empire, was the complete ruin of the Roman Empire. And this consequence of the apostasy marked in these first three steps in the two lines of prophecy of the seven churches and the seven seals, is marked in the line of prophecy of the Seven Trumpets. The trumpet is herein used as a symbol, because the trumpet is the symbol of war; and it was by the war of the floods of barbarians from the north that there was swept away that mass of corruption that was heaped upon the Roman Empire by its union with the apostate church in the making of the papacy. Thus the Third Angel's Message has a basis in the Seven Trumpets. The Seven Trumpets have their basis in the apostasy noted in the first and third of the Seven Churches, and the first three of the Seven Seals. And thus, through the Seven Trumpets, the Third Angel's Message finds its basis in the apostasy noted in the first and third of the Seven Churches and the first three of the Seven Seals. This, because that apostasy made the Beast; and the Third Angel's Message rises in the time of the making of the Image of the Beast, and utters its warning against the worship of the Beast and his Image. And, in the nature of things, the Image of the Beast finds his original in the Beast. The result, to the Roman Empire, of the making of the Beast in the Roman Empire and by the Roman Empire, was the utter ruin of that empire. This ruin was accomplished by the mighty armies of the peoples of the north marching forth under the first four of the Seven Trumpets. And the result, to the world, of the making of the Image of the Beast, and the worship of the Beast and his Image, in the world and by the world, will be the utter ruin of the world, by the mighty armies of another people marching forth under the sounding of the Seventh Trumpet, accompanied by the mighty notes of “the last trump.” And concerning this, it is written: “Blow ye the trumpet in Zion, and sound an alarm in my holy mountain: let all the inhabitants of the land tremble: for the day of the Lord cometh, for it is nigh at hand; a day of darkness and of gloominess, a day of clouds and of thick darkness, as the morning spread upon the mountains: a great people and a strong; there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any more after it, even to the years of many generations. A fire devoureth before them: and behind them a flame burneth: the land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness; yea, and nothing shall escape them. The appearance of them is as the appearance of horses; and as horsemen, so shall they run. Like the noise of chariots on the tops of mountains shall they leap, like the noise of a flame of fire that devoureth the stubble, as a strong people set in battle array. Before their face the people shall be much pained: all faces shall gather blackness. They shall run like mighty men; they shall climb the wall like men of war; and they shall march every one on his ways, and they shall not break their ranks: neither shall one thrust another; they shall walk every one in his path: and when they fall upon the sword, they shall not be wounded. They shall run to and fro in the city; they shall run upon the wall, they shall climb up upon the houses; they shall enter in at the windows like a thief. The earth shall quake before them; the heavens shall tremble: the sun and the moon shall be dark, and the stars shall withdraw their shining: and the Lord shall utter his voice before his army: for his camp is very great: for he is strong that executeth his word: for the day of the Lord is great and very terrible; and who can abide it?” Joel 2:1–11. “And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his head were many crowns; and he had a name written, that no man knew, but he himself. And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies which were in heaven followed him upon white horses, clothed in fine linen, white and clean. And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and he shall rule them with a rod of iron: and he treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF KINGS, AND LORDS OF LORDS.” “And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice, saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves together unto the supper of the great God; that ye may eat the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the flesh of all men, both free and bond, both small and great. “And I saw the beast, and the kings of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war against him that sat on the horse, and against his army. And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshiped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone. And the remnant were slain with the sword of him that sat upon the horse, which sword proceeded out of his mouth: and all the fowls were filled with their flesh.” Rev. 19:11–21. Next week we shall study the time and events of the first four of the Seven Trumpets.