How Introduced in the Country — Classes of Animals Affected — Men May Become Infected — The Rapid and Persistent Contagion — The Danger from Eating Meat — Substitutes May Be Had
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
It is difficult to appreciate the vast magnitude of the cattle industry. There are scattered through the length and breadth of the land about one hundred seventy million head. The very day when foot-and-mouth disease was discovered in the Chicago stockyards, there were seventy thousand head of cattle and other meat animals in its yards. The business transacted in that center alone amounts to more than a million dollars daily.
Within forty-eight hours after this plague was recognized in Chicago, it was found to exist in ten other states, and a little later in four others. When we remember that foot-and-mouth disease is more contagious among cattle than smallpox is among men, the difficulties in the way of stamping out this disease can be partially comprehended.
Story of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
This cattle plague has been more or less prevalent in Europe for several generations. In Germany, in 1892, two million sheep contracted the disease, and again a million and a half in 1899. The cattle on the great ranges in Argentina from time to time suffer severely of the same disease.
The disease was imported into this country on a small scale in 1870 and 1884. In 1902 and 1908 were the two epidemics previous to the present one. According to the United States government report, both of these epidemics were introduced into this country through smallpox vaccine that was imported from abroad, and, unpleasant as the thought is, was intended for the vaccination of human beings. In this instance, cattle were first inoculated with it, so as to secure a larger quantity of cowpox; and thus the cattle, instead of human beings, took the disease.
The government inspectors took samples of the same vaccine virus and inoculated healthy calves, which promptly contracted foot-and-mouth disease. So there was absolutely no guesswork concerning the origin of that epidemic. There are well-informed people who believe it will yet be demonstrated that this present appalling epidemic had a similar origin.
What Is Foot-and-Mouth Disease?
It is supposed to be due to a germ that is too small to be recognized by a microscope. This germ, or virus, or contagion, is found in the blisters that flourish in the mouth of the infected animal, in the saliva, in the milk and various other secretions and excretions, and also in the blood.
Courtesy U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry
HEAD OF COW WITH FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
It is so intensely contagious that it can be carried long distances on the boots, shoes, clothing, or hands of persons who have been in contact with the infected cattle or even in the barn where they are kept. It affects not only the ordinary cattle, but especially swine, goats, and dogs and cats; and human beings are susceptible to the same disease.
It is readily detected by the smacking sound the animal makes with its lips, and the ropy and stringy saliva that invariably hangs from its mouth. The animal suffers of fever, refuses to eat because of the sores in its mouth, and soon begins to have blisters about its hoofs. One attack does not preserve the animal from having the same disease subsequently.
Courtesy U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry
FRONT FEET OF COW WITH FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
It is so contagious that it spreads like wildfire. No matter how large the herd, if one animal is infected, all the rest will invariably contract the disease. And that is why the government insists on slaughtering the entire herd upon the first definite signs of an outbreak.
The Present Plague
All authorities agree that the two or three previous attacks are utterly insignificant compared with the widespread magnitude of this epidemic.
There are various reasons for this. The authorities at the stockyards informed me that the resistance of the animal creation is gradually becoming lowered, their blood is becoming more and more impure, and as a consequence, they are readily overwhelmed with disease. These men said the animals were kept too much indoors, breathing foul air; they were overfed and underexercised, and many of them were actually fed on filth, such as distillery slops.
Furthermore, in order to secure certain high grade features, they were overbred. In other words, high breeding often means a low grade of health. One man said: “Touch a match to a pile of sand, and nothing happens; but apply the same match to a keg of powder, and something happens.” Expose a healthy animal to disease, and it is not a serious matter; but in the case of a weakened one, the same cause will speedily prostrate it.
The present epidemic was first discovered near Niles, Michigan, about the middle of October, and was supposed to be carried to the Chicago stockyards by a shipment of infected hogs.
Unfortunately, at that very time, the great national dairy show was on in the stockyards district. Nearly a thousand prize cattle from all parts of the country, valued at about three million dollars, were on exhibition. Some of these speedily contracted the disease. Before it was discovered, some of the exposed and infected cattle had already been shipped to different parts of the country; and within a few days, the disease was spreading in more than a dozen different states.
For the first time in their history, the great Chicago stockyards were closed. The government at once began to trace every shipment of cattle that had gone out from Chicago since the disease broke out; and a corps of trained inspectors was sent to all these different points, and the cattle were placed under quarantine. Every freight car that had carried such cattle was fumigated.41
Beautiful herds were slaughtered on a most unprecedented scale. One large herd of eight hundred animals in Indiana, worth thirty thousand dollars, were killed in one day, the United States government and the state sharing the actual expense, or beef value, of all these animals. Many of them were high-bred cattle worth many times these figures, so that the total loss is enormous.
This time the disease threatens to become a permanent epidemic in the United States, as it has broken out among the cattle on the vast ranges in Montana. Dr. Bennett, the government inspector, said regarding this development: “The report from Montana is the worst blow we have struck in this fight. If the disease gets thoroughly implanted among the millions of cattle herded on the Western ranges, it is extremely probable we will never get rid of it.”
Dr. Flexner, of the Rockefeller Institute, one of the world’s greatest pathologists and bacteriologists, who discovered the germ of infantile paralysis, came to Chicago to study this disease first-hand, with the hope that a serum could be prepared with which to immunize cattle in the future.
Fumigation on a Large Scale
Every square foot of the vast stockyards in Chicago was thoroughly cleaned, fumigated, and whitewashed; and then a high board fence was built, dividing it into two sections. On one side the cattle were handled that came from uninfected districts, and on the other side those were slaughtered that came from suspicious territories.
The several thousand workmen who were engaged in dealing with these cattle and slaughtering them were not allowed to come out again until their clothes had been thoroughly fumigated.
Some Interesting Reflections
In this quarantined section, all the cattle are killed for food as soon as they arrive, provided the disease has not already broken out. For instance, six thousand cattle were being fattened for the market on the distillery slops in Peoria. Sixty of this herd contracted the disease. Immediately a hundred carloads of these cattle were rushed to the Chicago stockyards, and slaughtered the next day for human consumption. How many of these cattle already had the disease in their systems, which would have broken out in a few days more, will of course always be an unanswered question. At any rate, in order to be on the safe side, the hides were all dipped in disinfectant solutions before they were put on the market.
The authorities at the stockyards informed me that these cattle stood in stalls and were fed on these hot slops; that the flesh of such animals was considered especially tender. The real reason was, as one expressed it, because it was “rotten.” The slightest injury in such cattle will produce festering sores. Their systems are feverish.
There may be those who choose to have such flesh served on their tables, to be transformed into their own flesh and blood. Personally I object to eating such secondhand foods. I prefer to accept my food first-hand from the lap of nature in all its original delicacy and wholesomeness.
For instance, what is the sense in feeding the hog seven or eight pounds of corn in order to get in return one pound of pork than there is in any one pound of corn — especially when I know that something like three hogs out of every hundred have trichina, and a certain percentage in addition have tapeworm? Again, I greatly prefer to eat my corn before it has been dragged in the wallow.
One financial expert, in discussing the hardships that this quarantine was inflicting on the farmers in various states where quarantine is enforced, innocently suggests that “the quarantine period has developed an outbreak of hog cholera which is costing enormous loss, that might have been averted to a large measure if the stock could be shipped to Chicago.”
Could Not Market the Sick Hogs
In other words, on account of the quarantine, the farmers were compelled to keep their hogs on the farm for the time, and let them die, instead of doing as they otherwise would have done — rushed them off to market and had them slaughtered before they all had a chance to die.
It is safer to eat oats and wheat and corn and cabbage and tomatoes. Corn does not get hog cholera until after it is in the hog. If the tomato is a little decayed, we throw it away, and it produces no serious disorders; but when flesh has begun to decompose, it develops ptomaine poisoning.
A well-informed writer says that this plague has undoubtedly affected beef consumption adversely; and unquestionably he is right. Even if the government succeeds in stamping out this disease, there will be many who will have discovered that their health was improved, that their strength was increased, by discontinuing the use of meat, and hence will not care to resume consuming it when this evident danger is past.
There was a time when most people did not think they could live and preserve their strength unless they drank liquor. I have heard old people say they could remember a time when a minister would take brandy with him into the pulpit, and during the sermon would “take some spirit down in order to bring the spirit up.”
We are beyond that time. We now know that liquor, instead of being a stimulant, is a depressant; and the meat-strengthening delusion also is passing away. The editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association, in a recent editorial, voices the new sentiment of the enlightened and intelligent medical profession when he says that it is the duty of physicians to instruct their patients that there is nothing especially strengthening about a meat diet; that bread, with its natural accompaniment of butter, comes much nearer being a substantial dietary.
Some Self-Evident Conclusions
It is useless to close our eyes to the fact that this terrible and widespread epizootic means something. The prevention of disease among animals is becoming increasingly difficult. Human beings and cattle are both living under such unnatural conditions, and in a certain sense in such close proximity, that they infect each other.
Furthermore, disease germs for both man and beast are becoming increasingly virulent; and the time may not be far distant when absolute safety will demand not only that we abstain from the flesh of animals — as sensible and well-informed people are now doing — but that even dairy products be tabooed. In that case, God will no doubt stir up human wits and ingenuity to provide satisfactory substitutes. In fact, the first steps in that direction have already been taken.
Meanwhile, all those living in the infected areas, and all others, for that matter, who can not be sure that their milk is absolutely above suspicion, should sterilize it. Dr. Evans, formerly health commissioner of the city of Chicago, says that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease is easily killed by heat. According to him, milk pasteurized at 140 degrees for twenty minutes is safe. Such a temperature, and in fact any temperature below 160 degrees, does not change the character of the milk, but does discourage the activity of all ordinary disease germs that may happen to be present.
Marvels of the Atom
MEANS have been devised for ascertaining with some accuracy the actual weight of the atom. 647,987,350,000,000,000,000 are contained in a grain of hydrogen. A grain, by the way, does not differ much in weight from a grain of wheat. But this is not all. Each of these atoms of hydrogen is a system of electrons. A mass of 1,832 positive electrons forms a nucleus in the center, and around it four negative electrons revolve with inconceivable velocity. With the probe supplied by light rays of far shorter wave length than the violet, the shortest visible, it has been possible, as it were, to feel out the structure of crystals, and the exact arrangement of the atoms in many sorts has been found. Of course these things are not actually seen, as with a microscope, but their indications are very certain.
There have not yet been devised means for studying living matter on any such scale. But the microscope, with the aid of photography, has brought to view objects no larger than the 150,000th part of an inch; and among these, according to the article by Edgar Lucien Larkin from which these facts are taken, there are found living organisms. It is known also that smaller ones exist, and that all so far studied are not mere globules of a kind of substance, but differ within themselves through having parts.
In studying the electrons, the scientist may or may not be dealing with these very particles of substance which the Word spoke into existence in the beginning, and is still maintaining; but whether so or not, he must still confess that by such searching he can never hope to find out God, though He be not far from any one of us. “How small a portion do we hear of Him?” Every new discovery in the field of science but widens the borders of the unknown. Yet who can contemplate the marvelous permanency of order that is manifested in all things, from the least to the greatest, and doubt that the same One from which the least of them originated, has also shown His hand in their arrangement, whether it be in systems of worlds, or in tiny atoms, or still more clearly, in the maintenance of life!
Strong Arm and Strong Drink
The “strong arm” methods of the burglar and the “strong drink” methods of the saloon increase wealth and well-being in a similar way.
Cultivating the Mind
“Be not content with dull thoughts, an indolent mind, or a loose memory.”
A PROPHECY OF WORLD-WIDE IMPORT
By M. C. W.
A Sevenfold Sign of the End
Reader, what would you give to know of the time of the end of this age? What would it be worth to you to learn of a prophecy, clear, specific, striking in its specifications and particulars of this very time, this century, this very generation in which we live—not a prophecy of events centuries in the past, but a prophetic drama now upon the boards of the world's stage, the beginning acts of which are not far distant, the remaining, now before the world or soon to come?
God has given us just such a prophecy as this, one that will not demand the study of ancient history that we may understand it. We see and live in its atmosphere; it is with us. We purpose to present this to you in a series of articles, which will be a brief treatment of the great subject, it is true, but which we believe will be conclusive. These studies will enable us to watch the progress of events in connection with the fulfillment of the prophecy, and to see, as that prophecy nears its culmination, the end of this age is approaching with like pace; for the fulfillment of this prophecy marks the end of this age.
We will consider first God's object in giving prophecy, and then proceed step by step to unfold the evidences connected with this great prophecy.
I. The Object of Prophecy
God has given His prophetic word for a threefold purpose: first, that He may reveal to all who may wish to know, believer or unbeliever, that He is God: “Remember this, and show yourselves men; bring it again to mind, O ye transgressors. Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like Me, declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all My pleasure.” Isa. 46: 8-10. “There is a God in heaven that revealeth secrets, and He hath made known to the king Nebuchadnezzar what shall be in the latter days.” Dan. 2: 28, A. R. V.
The Most High Rules
Secondly, prophecy is given that man may know that notwithstanding the perversion, among men, of every principle of justice and equity and righteousness and mercy, the Most High rules, and is bringing, in His own wise times and seasons, His cosmos of glory out of the chaos of sin and death. The prophetic Word is given “to the intent that the living may know that the Most High ruleth in the kingdom of men, and giveth it to whomsoever He will, and setteth up over it the lowest of men.” Dan. 4: 17. And that mighty king who had dared to set up his own apotheosis of patriotism, which declared that great Babylon should endure forever, in defiance of God's delineation of successive and crumbling empire, learned at last the lesson, and he himself published it to all the world from that time forward, that all the children of Babylon might know that God rules. This he proclaimed to the world: “And at the end of the days I, Nebuchadnezzar, lifted up mine eyes unto heaven, and mine understanding returned unto me, and I blessed the Most High, and I praised and honored Him that liveth forever; for His dominion is an everlasting dominion, and His kingdom from generation to generation; and all the inhabitants of the earth are reputed as nothing; and He doeth according to His will in the army of heaven, and among the inhabitants of the earth; and none can stay His hand, or say unto Him, What doest Thou? . . . Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, praise and extol and honor the King of heaven; for all His works are truth, and His ways justice; and those that walk in pride He is able to abase.” Dan. 4: 34, 35, 37.
To use another illustration given us by Holy Writ, when a world which had repudiated God for the idols of the nations, when the great pantheons of empires, had proved to be not only things of naught, but a debasement of the nations, when the world's heart was crushed under the iron tyranny of Rome, heaven was opened wider to the world's great needs. “When the fullness of the time came, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, that He might redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the adoption of sons.” Gal. 4: 4, 5.
For two centuries Israel had sojourned in Egypt, the later years in sore bondage and suffering, until it seemed that even God had forgotten; but when the day of the promise came, God delivered His people, notwithstanding the fact that all the power and wealth and boasts of proud Egypt, and the devotees of the gods there worshiped, were against Him. God knows and sees and cares. He permits, in His own wise purposes, that the world, nay, and the universe, may see the outworking of sin; but not one soul who trusts in Him shall perish or be confounded.
Both a Warning and a Comfort
Thirdly, His prophetic word is given as a warning to the world and a comfort to His people. Men may guess at the meaning of things. They may reason from cause to effect. The history of the past teaches some thoughtful statesmen valuable lessons, unheeded as they are by the mass. Great nations may have great ambitions, and may predict them as coming history. Men with Luciferian ambitions to bring all under their sway may lay elaborate plans, and persist in their purposes for centuries, until nations become possessed with the same demon. Other nations are equally determined to thwart them. Federations of nations combine to overthrow, direct, establish. Socialism and anarchy may take deep root among all nations, causing royalty to pale and thrones to tremble. In the face of all these, wise men are at sea; discordant voices prophesy; false prophets, whose wishes and ambitions are the parents of their predictions, predict peace. The thoughtful philosopher who looks at world conditions alone, broods, and sees only dire disaster.
But the child of the Most High can look away from all these, and see with clear eye and anointed vision the great truth of the matter, the sequel of it all. He may take God's invitation to come up into the mountain and see visions—seeings—of God. He may hear the voice of the infinite Man calling up to greater vision. Eze. 40: 4. He may take to his heart the words of the herdsman prophet, “Surely the Lord God will do nothing, but He revealeth His secret unto His servants the prophets.” Amos 3: 7. He may say, as did the student seer, the youthful statesman, Daniel: “Blessed be the name of God forever and ever; for wisdom and might are His. And He changeth the times and the seasons; He removeth kings, and setteth up kings; He giveth wisdom unto the wise, and knowledge to them that have understanding. He revealeth the deep and secret things; He knoweth what is in the darkness, and the light dwelleth with Him.” Dan. 2: 20-22. He may say, with Peter, as the fulfillment of prophecies has been demonstrated a hundred times, “We have the word of prophecy made more sure; whereunto ye do well that ye take heed, as unto a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawn, and the day-star arise in your hearts.” 2 Peter 1: 19.
2. The Prophecy of Our Study
Then, reader, to the study of the sevenfold sign in prophecy which God has given for these days in which we live. Here are the prophecies which we are to study:43
“And I saw another beast coming up out of the earth; and he had two horns like unto a lamb, and he spake as a dragon. And he exerciseth all the authority of the first beast in his sight. And he maketh the earth and them that dwell therein to worship the first beast, whose death-stroke was healed. And he doeth great signs, that he should even make fire to come down out of heaven upon the earth in the sight of men. And he deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by reason of the signs which it was given him to do in the sight of the beast; saying to them that dwell on the earth, that they should make an image to the beast who hath the stroke of the sword and lived. And it was given unto him to give breath to it, even to the image of the beast, that the image of the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as should not worship the image of the beast should be killed. And he causeth all, the small and the great, and the rich and the poor, and the free and the bond, that there be given them a mark on their right hand, or upon their forehead; and that no man should be able to buy or to sell, save he that hath the mark, even the name of the beast or the number of his name.” Rev. 13: 11-17, A. R. V.
“And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought the signs in his sight, wherewith he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast and them that worshiped his image: they two were cast alive into the lake of fire that burneth with brimstone.” Rev. 19: 20.
“And another angel, a third, followed them, saying with a great voice, If any man worshipeth the beast and his image, and receiveth a mark on his forehead, or upon his hand, he also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is prepared unmixed in the cup of His anger; and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels, and in the presence of the Lamb: and the smoke of their torment goeth up forever and ever; and they have no rest day and night, they that worship the beast and his image, and whoso receiveth the mark of his name. Here is the patience of the saints, they that keep the commandments of God, and the faith of Jesus.” Rev. 14: 9-12.
“And the first went, and poured out his bowl into the earth; and it became a noisome and grievous sore upon the men that had the mark of the beast, and that worshiped his image.” Rev. 16: 2.
You, reader, may be somewhat familiar with these striking passages; but settle this,—that there is still more to learn, new scintillations from the facets of God's diamonds of truth. As we revolve them in our minds, new evidences will make them shine the clearer and the stronger, new settings will reveal more of their beauty.
If you have not studied these prophecies, if you are not familiar with them, go with us, with hearts open to Him, with prayer for divine guidance in the study of them to the end, and we can assure you that you will demonstrate the truth of His own words regarding the study of the book in which these prophecies are found: “Blessed is he that readeth, and they that hear the words of the prophecy, and keep the things that are written therein: for the time is at hand.” Rev. 1: 3. M. C. W.
Our next study will be “A World-Molding Nation Rising to Power.”
Question Corner
By Milton C. Wilcox
Conducted by MILTON C. WILCOX
Mountain View, California
NOTE.—This department is for the purpose of helping Bible students. Answers must of necessity be brief, often only suggestive, never exhaustive, never infallible only as they agree with the infallible Word. Such questions only will be answered as seem to the editors to minister to the mission of the paper. Questions of the same import can not be answered repeatedly in the same volume. Name and address must be given, not for publication, but as evidence of good faith and to insure reply by letter if thought best. It is well always to inclose stamp, not stamped envelope, unless answer is desired by letter alone.
78 — Various Questions
1. What became of the other apostles?
2. Can we say that the unclean animals partook of the fruit of the forbidden tree, and then they were cursed, or if their nature was so in the garden of Eden?
T. A. Z.
1. We suppose that by “the other apostles” are meant those apart from John and Paul and James. It is impossible to tell. God does not satisfy our curiosity. There are so many things that we would like to know, so many things that we wonder about, and yet they do not pertain to our soul’s salvation, nor would they be any particular help if we knew them, and so the Lord does not tell us them. Peter wanted to know what would become of John. He asked very earnestly, “Lord, what of this man?” But Jesus said: “If I will that he tarry till I come, what is that to thee? follow thou Me.” And so we, however much we would like to do otherwise, must take the same course in the things that God has not revealed or seen fit to reveal—leave it with Him, give ourselves to the great work of following the Master. Of course there are traditions. Peter, it is said, was crucified with his head downward, because he felt himself unworthy to be crucified as was his Lord. One tradition says he was crucified at Rome. Others contend that he never was at Rome. We find traditions of the end of nearly all the apostles, but they are not certain. Sometimes we run across lists of them, but we must not set them down as anything reliable.
2. It is hardly believable that the unclean animals partook of the fruit of the forbidden tree. Of course we do not know that. We do not think there was anything in that tree that would bring any such curse. The curse came upon man because of his disobedience, and the whole creation was made subject to vanity because of the disobedience of the higher creatures. So when man sinned, all that was below him was perverted. The curse upon the responsible ones—Satan and mankind—extended to all the creation below. God must permit it to do this, or His higher creature, man, would have been inferior to the very brutes, if the brute had remained immortal and untouched by corruption. Of course as the corruption increased, different dispositions developed in these various animals. Some became carnivorous; and becoming carnivorous and preying upon flesh, of course that changed their natures. Just how they developed, of course we do not know. The only thing that we could suggest would be more or less a matter of speculation.
79 — Sin and Death
Are there two deaths and two kinds of sin, one kind from Adam, and one our own? Rom. 5: 13-15; 7: 11-25. Which sin was abolished on the cross?
God gives us but one definition of sin, “the transgression of the law.” See 1 John 3: 4; James 2: 8-12; Rom. 3: 20; 7: 7. When Adam sinned, he broke God’s law, and became degenerate. Nature has transmitted to us Adam’s fallen nature. Men call our inheritance original sin, doomed to death apart from our choice. But Christ redeems all from that death. “As in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.” 1 Cor. 15: 22. And to every responsible soul, He gives the choice and opportunity to break from that fallen nature and become the victor. He has redeemed us from every sin, from all sin. His offering “once for all” covers every failure, every defect, meets every need. “Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound: that as sin hath reigned unto death, even so might grace reign through righteousness unto eternal life by Jesus Christ our Lord.” Rom. 5: 20, 21. Read Heb. 10: 10, 12, 14. The efficacy of His offering covers the Adamic sin and death, and our sin, if we will but receive it freely as it is given.
THE COWORKER AND THE NEW MAN
By J. O. C.
A SPEAKER was recently heard to say that God, who could make a man out of dust, was surely able to make a coworker with Himself out of a man. Of course this spokesman meant a converted man.
What he said is entirely true; but there is an antecedent to his statement more wonderful of contemplation than even this. Indeed, it seems a very small thing to take a real Christian, though nearly talentless, and qualify him for soul-saving service, as compared with the act of taking one altogether sunk in sin's degradation, and making of him a new man. Yet this is the necessary foretaste of power to be experienced in every instance in which God ever works through Christ. For this reason, the earnest invitation is extended to all, even the very lowest, “Come unto Me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.” All this, too, is without any human consideration. “Come . . . without money and without price,” is the gracious offer. Wondrous condescension! How miraculous is the power of the word of our God! J. O. C.
Prayer, the Key to Heaven’s Storehouse
By G. B. T.
PRAYER is the key which the Lord has placed in our hands, by which we can come into communication with the invisible world of light and power above us. Through prayer we unlock the inexhaustible storehouse of heaven. Let us pray. G. B. T.
Purity
By H. S.
PURITY of character is a positive virtue. It is not alone the absence of all uncleanness, but the presence, in undiluted strength, of all that pertains to life. H. S.
